Friday, December 26, 2008

Photographer Veronique de Viguerie spends time with the Central Regional Coast Guard, the main pirate group operating off the coast of Somalia

Gallery Somali pirates: Pirates Of Somalia

Abdul Hassan carries a rocket-propelled grenade near a small boat with some of his crew. This pirate group, called the Central Regional Coast Guard, was formed three years ago, has 350 men in its ranks and about 100 speedboats.

In 2008, the group attacked 29 ships, earning $10m (£6m). Abdul Hassan, who pocketed $350,000, arrived with a small crew on a beach near Hobyo, on the border between Galmudug and Puntland states, before going on an attack to another ship

Photograph: Veronique de Viguerie/Getty Images

Gallery Somali pirates: Pirates Of Somalia

Abdul Hassan, 39, is nicknamed "the one who never sleeps"

Abdul Hassan carries a rocket-propelled grenade on a small boat with some of his crew

Gallery Somali pirates: Pirates Of Somalia

The Central Regional Coast Guard in the waters off Somalia

Gallery Somali pirates: Pirates Of Somalia

From Hobyo's beach, three different ships captured by the pirates can be seen. The one pictured is Japanese, and was attacked in September. The ship and its crew will remain there until the end of the negotiations between the pirates and the ship's insurance company. The Ukrainian ship MV Faina is also nearby, but is too far out to sea to be seen from the beach

Gallery Somali pirates: Pirates Of Somalia

On Wednesday October 29 2008, the Somalian president gave the greenlight for foreign troops to attack pirates within Somalian territory. In response, pirates are getting ready for the fight. A convoy of five trucks, each carrying five boats, goes through Galcayo on its way to Hobyo to supply the pirates

Gallery Somali pirates: Pirates Of Somalia

This Hobyo Branch store in Galkayo is supplying the pirates with food, drink and cigarettes. They call the owner to order what they need; then a truck goes from Galkayo to Hobyo with the items and sells them to the pirates for twice the normal price, partly contributing the country's inflation

Gallery Somali pirates: Pirates Of Somalia

Galkayo is in the centre of Somalia, near the states of Hobyo and Puntland, and also near Ethiopia. Despite its strategic location, the city remains very poor, unemployment is very high and violence is part of everyday life. Pirates have a relatively high standing and are starting to build themselves big houses and businesses with their money. Now they represent the dream of success for many of the men living in Galkayo

Gallery Somali pirates: Pirates Of Somalia

Due to the security risks in Somalia, visitors require private escorts of armed men at all times to avoid being attacked by the different militias operating in the area. Fifteen armed men were required as escorts for the photographer, Veronique de Viguerie

Persia & Pirates

"After travelling more than 4,000 maritime miles an Iranian warship entered the Gulf of Aden to protect Iranian ships against pirates," reported the Iranian state radio, but gave no further details.

An unnamed official said the gulf was an international area and that Iran's armed forces would "carry out any decision made by their superiors".

The Iranian force joins ships from the EU, US, India, Russia, Malaysia and others which are already patrolling in the area.

China has also said it is considering sending a defensive force to the Gulf.

In October, Iran paid a ransom to free the crew of a captured merchant ship, and an Iranian-operated cargo ship carrying 36,000 tonnes of wheat was seized in November.

Pirate attacks are a regular occurrence in the Gulf of Aden, with many countries blaming the breakdown of law and order in Somalia.

World leaders have called for greater action to deal with the problem and last week, the UN approved a resolution allowing foreign troops to pursue pirates on land in Somalia.

The Russian Approach To The Somali Pirates

by James Dunnigan
December 20, 2008

The Russian frigate Neustrashimy (Fearless), was dispatched on September 28th in response to the capture of the Ukrainian freighter Faina with a crew of 21 people and 2,320 tonnes of military hardware that reportedly included battle tanks and armoured vehicle spares, while on its way to the Kenyan port of Mombasawas, on September 25th, 2008. The cargo was destined to the South Congo Government.

In recent months, a multinational taskforce based in Djibouti has been patrolling parts of the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea.

French naval commandos have taken action against pirates who seized two sailing vessels with French citizens aboard and arrested a dozen suspects. They were brought to France and are awaiting trial on charges of hijacking, hostage-taking and armed robbery, which carry life sentences.

Russia is now planning to send more warships to the Somali coast, along with some commandos and a particularly Russian style of counter-piracy operations. In other words, the Russians plan to go old school on the Somali pirates, and use force to rescue ships currently held, and act ruthlessly against real or suspected pirates it encounters at sea.

This could cause diplomatic problems with the other nations providing warships for counter-piracy operations off the Somali coast. That's because the current ships have, so far, followed a policy of not attempting rescue operations (lest captive sailors get hurt) and not firing on pirates unless fired on first. Russia believes this approach only encourages the pirates.

Russia is planning on bringing along commandoes from Spetsgruppa Vympel. These are hostage rescue experts, formed two decades ago as a spinoff from the original Russian army Spetsnaz commandos. This came about when various organizations in the Soviet government decided that they could use a few Spetsnaz type troops for their own special needs. Thus in the 1970s and 80s there appeared Spetsnaz clones called Spetsgruppa. The most use of these was Spetsgruppa Alfa (Special Group A), which was established in 1974 to do the same peacetime work as the U.S. Delta Force or British SAS. In other words; anti-terrorist assignments or special raids. It was Spetsgruppa Alfa that was sent to Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1980 to make sure the troublesome Afghan president Amin and his family were eliminated from the scene (killed.) Survivors (members of the presidential palace staff) of the Spetsgruppa Alfa assault reported that the Spetsnaz troopers systematically hunted down and killed their targets with a minimum of fuss. Very professional. The surviving Afghans were suitably impressed. Spetsgruppa Alfa now belongs to the FSB (successor to the KGB) and number about 300 men (and a few women.) At the same time Spetsgruppa Alfa was established, another section of the KGB organized Spetsgruppa Vympel. This group was trained to perform wartime assassination and kidnapping jobs for the KGB. The FSB also inherited Spetsgruppa Vympel, which is a little smaller than Spetsgruppa Alpha and is used mainly for hostage rescue.

Meanwhile, piracy has been a growing problem off the Somali coast for over a decade. The problem now is that there are hundreds of experienced pirates. And these guys have worked out a system that is very lucrative, and not very risky. For most of the past decade, the pirates preyed on foreign fishing boats and the small, often sail powered, cargo boats the move close (within a hundred kilometers) of the shore. During that time, the pirates developed contacts with businessmen in the Persian Gulf who could be used to negotiate (for a percentage) the ransoms with insurance companies and shipping firms. The pirates also mastered the skills needed to put a grappling hook on the railing, 30-40 feet above the water, of a large ship. Doing this at night, and then scrambling aboard, is more dangerous if the ship has lookouts, who can alert sailors trained to deploy high pressure fire hoses against the borders.

Few big ships carry any weapons, and most have small crews (12-30 sailors). Attacking at night finds most of the crew asleep. Rarely do these ships have any armed security. Ships can post additional lookouts when in areas believed to have pirates. Once pirates (speedboats full of armed men) are spotted, ships can increase speed (a large ship running at full speed, about 40+ kilometers an hour, can outrun most of the current speed boats the pirates have), and have fire hoses ready to be used to repel boarders. The pirates will fire their AK-47 assault rifles and RPG grenade launchers, but the sailors handling the fire hoses will stand back so the gunmen cannot get a direct shot.

Since the pirates take good care of their captives, the anti-piracy efforts cannot risk a high body count, lest they be accused of crimes against humanity, war crimes or simply bad behavior. The pirates have access to hundreds of sea going fishing boats, which can pretend to fish by day, and sneak up on merchant ships at night. The pirates often operate in teams, with one or more fishing boats acting as lookouts, and alerting another boat that a large, apparently unguarded, ship is headed their way. The pirate captain can do a simple calculation to arrange meeting the oncoming merchant vessel in the middle of the night. These fishing boats can carry inflatable boats with large outboard engines. Each of these can carry four or five pirates, their weapons and the grappling hook projectors needed to get the pirates onto the deck of a large ship. These big ships are very automated, and at night the only people on duty will be on the bridge. This is where the pirates go, to seize control of the ship. The rest of the crew is then rounded up. The pirates force the captain to take the ship to an anchorage near some Somali fishing village. There, more gunmen will board, and stand guard over crew and ship until the ransom is paid. Sometimes, part of the crew will be sent ashore, and kept captive there. The captive sailors are basically human shields for the pirates, to afford some protection from commando attacks.

There has always been the option of a military operation to capture the seaside towns and villages the pirates operate from. But this would include sinking hundreds of fishing boats and speedboats. Hundreds of civilians would be killed or injured. Unless the coastal areas were occupied (or until local Somalis could maintain law and order), the pirates would soon be back in business. Pacifying Somalia is an unpopular prospect. Given the opprobrium heaped on the U.S. for doing something about Iraq, no one wants to be on the receiving end of that criticism for pacifying Somalia. The world also knows, from over a century of experience, that the Somalis are violent, persistent and unreliable. That's a combination that has made it impossible for the Somalis to even govern themselves. In the past, what is now Somalia has been ruled, by local and foreign rulers, through the use of violent methods that are no longer politically acceptable. But now the world is caught between accepting a "piracy tax" imposed by the Somalis, or going in and pacifying the unruly country and its multitude of bandits, warlords and pirates.

The piracy "tax" is basically a security surcharge on maritime freight movements. It pays for higher insurance premiums (which in turn pay for the pirate ransoms), danger bonuses for crews and the additional expense of all those warships off the Somali coast. Most consumers would hardly notice this surcharge, as it would increase sea freight charges by less than a percent. Already, many ships are going round the southern tip of Africa, and avoiding Somalia and the Suez canal altogether. Ships would still be taken. Indeed, about a third of the ships seized this year had taken precautions, but the pirates still got them. Warships could attempt an embargo of Somalia, not allowing seagoing ships in or our without a warship escort. Suspicious seagoing ships, and even speedboats, could be sunk in port. That would still produce some videos (real or staged, it doesn't matter) of dead civilians, but probably not so many that the anti-piracy force would be indicted as war criminals.

This sort of bad publicity does not bother the Russians as much as it does other European nations and the United States. Russia got lots of bad press for its brutal, but effective, counter-terror operations in Chechnya. Same with last Augusts invasion of Georgia, which was basically a punitive operation, mainly intended to intimidate the Georgian government. That worked too, despite lots of hostile rhetoric from the U.S. and European nations. If the Russians go old school on the Somali pirates, it will probably work. The Somalis are vicious and clever, but not stupid. Somalis and Russians speak the same language of violence, and the Russians carry a bigger stick. The world will complain, then enjoy the benefits of a piracy free Somali coast.

China & Pirates

China has been rapidly beefing up its navy with new destroyers, submarines and missiles. Naval officers have even been talking about building an aircraft carrier that could help the navy become a "blue-water" force — a fleet capable of operating far from home.

China Navy's destroyers, the Haikou, top left, and the Wuhan, bottom left, and supply ship the Weishanhu, right, are moored at port before leaving for the Navy's first oversea operation from Sanya, southern China's Hainan province Friday, Dec. 26, 2008. On Friday, warships armed with special forces, missiles and helicopters will sail for anti-piracy duty off Somalia, the first time the communist nation has sent ships on a mission that could involve fighting so far beyond its territorial waters. (AP Photo/Color China Photo)

Denny Roy, a senior fellow at the East-West Center in Hawaii, said the naval buildup and the mission to Somalia are the latest signs that China is no longer willing to rely on the U.S. or other foreign navies to protect its increasingly global interests.

"China has not been dissuaded from entering the field," Roy said. "That leaves open the possibility of a China-U.S. naval rivalry in the future."

Roy predicted China's move would alarm Japan and some in South Korea because both countries have long-standing territorial disputes with China. But he said most Southeast Asian countries may see China's involvement in the anti-piracy campaign as a positive thing. It would mean that China was using its greater military might for constructive purposes, rather than challenging the current international order.

India, another longtime rival of China, would likely welcome the Chinese naval presence off Somalia for the short term, said C. Uday Bhaskar, a former naval commander and retired director of India's Institute of Defense Studies and Analyses. He doubted it would upset the strategic balance.

China's military has not said how long the mission would last, but the state-run China Daily newspaper recently reported the ships would be gone for about three months.

The mission will likely offer Chinese sailors invaluable on-the-job training, according to Stratfor, an Austin, Texas-based intelligence company. The mission will be complex, with crews having to do refueling, resupply and repairs far from home amid the constant threat of pirate attacks.

The waters will also be crowded with naval ships from around the world, testing the Chinese ships' abilities to communicate effectively with other vessels in a common mission that has little central organization.

Chinese Navy sailors march past a warship at port before leaving for the Navy's first oversea operation from Sanya, southern China's Hainan province Friday, Dec. 26, 2008. On Friday, warships armed with special forces, missiles and helicopters will sail for anti-piracy duty off Somalia, the first time the communist nation has sent ships on a mission that could involve fighting so far beyond its territorial waters. (AP Photo/Color China Photo)

The Chinese will very likely monitor the way foreign forces, "especially U.S. warships, communicate with each other and with their shipborne helicopters," the Stratfor report said.

A NATO task force to the Gulf of Aden was recently replaced by a European Union flotilla with four to six ships patrolling the area.

About a dozen other warships, including U.S., German, and Danish ships, are in the region as part of a separate international flotilla based in Bahrain and engaged in anti-terrorism operations. Several individual nations, including Saudi Arabia, Russia, Malaysia and India, also have vessels in the Gulf of Aden.

The China Daily on Friday quoted Rear Adm. Du Jingchen, the mission's chief commander, as saying a total of 1,000 crew members will be on the three Chinese ships.

"We could encounter unforeseen situations," Du was quoted as saying. "But we are prepared for them."

First blood

On Wednesday, 17, nine pirates armed with guns overtook the Chinese ship Zhenhua 4 owned by China Communications Construction Co. and registered in the Caribbean island of St. Vincent.

Captain Peng Weiyuan sent a distress message to the International Maritime Bureau's piracy reporting center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia as he saw the pirates approaching. The bureau quickly alerted the international naval force, which dispatched two helicopters and a warship.

The 30-member crew used Molotov cocktails and a high-pressure water pipe to stop the pirates, then barricaded themselves inside their living quarters.

The helicopters arrived at the scene 90 minutes later and fired at the pirates, forcing them to flee the ship. There were no injuries among the crew, during the five-hour combat.

The warship and one of the helicopters that responded were Malaysian and the other helicopter was part of the Combined Task Force-150, which includes the United States, Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Britain, Pakistan and Canada. Malaysia cooperates with the task force.


Pirates aim weapons on the deck of the Chinese ship "Zhenhua 4" in the Gulf of Aden, on Wednesday, Dec. 17, 2008. (AP Photo/Xinhua)

Meanwhile, in Yemen
The Indian navy handed over 23 pirates arrested in the Gulf of Aden Saturday, 13th, after they threatened a merchant vessel in the lawless waters off the Yemeni coast, a Yemeni security official said.

The Indian sailors boarded two pirate boats and seized what was described as a substantial arms cache and equipment at the time. The security official said the pirates included 12 Somalis and 11 Yemenis.

The handover took place in the southern port of Aden, and the pirates were to be interrogated and charged in court. He stressed that Yemen has the right to try Somali pirates because their arrest took place inside Yemeni waters.

The day After
China said Thursday, 18th, that it plans to dispatch warships to join an international effort battling rampant piracy off the coast of Somalia — the Chinese navy's first major mission outside the Pacific.

"We are making preparations and arrangements to deploy naval ships to the Gulf of Aden for escorting operations," said Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu Jianchao.

The Global Times, a newspaper published by the Communist Party, said the fleet could consist of two cruisers armed with guided missiles, special forces and two helicopters and one large supply ship.

For the Chinese navy, which has mainly concentrated on the country's coastal defense, it would mark the first time it has been involved in multilateral operations in modern times, said Christian LeMiere, a senior analyst for Jane's Country Risk, a security intelligence group.

Though China has a huge global commercial maritime presence, the People's Liberation Army Navy has primarily focused on defending China's coast and, until now, limited operations abroad to port calls, goodwill visits and exercises with other navies.

"They're on an actual mission, which could potentially involve combat, albeit of low intensity. That's a real difference," said Lyle Goldstein, director of the China Maritime Studies Institute at the U.S. Naval War College. "This is not a dangerous mission — actually, it's the perfect coming out party for the Chinese navy."

China has never sent military forces overseas other than as part of a U.N.-mandated peacekeeping mission, according to Bonnie Glaser, a China specialist at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington. A Foreign Ministry announcement Thursday that China was making preparations to deploy warships followed a unanimous U.N. Security Council vote this week authorizing nations to conduct land and air attacks against pirates.

From January to November, 1,265 Chinese ships have passed through the area — an average of three to four vessels a day, he said. About 20 percent of them have come under attack.

This year, there have been seven cases of pirate hijackings involving Chinese ships or crews, he said, including Wednesday's attack.

In Washington, Pentagon spokesman Maj. Stewart Upton said the U.S. welcomed China's move. "We look forward to working with the Chinese both bilaterally and multilaterally on this challenge to international security," he said.

China's warships would join ships from the U.S., Denmark, Italy, Russia and other countries in patrolling the Gulf of Aden, which is one of the world's busiest waterways and has become infested with heavily armed Somali pirates.

Dec. 23, 2008: German Defence Minister Franz Josef Jung, left, watches German frigate Karlsruhe sailing out of the harbor of Djibouti. A helicopter from the warship, which is part of the EU mission protecting civil ships against pirates at the horn of Africa, chased away pirates who were trying to board an Egyptian ship Thursday, Dec. 25, off the coast of Somalia. (AP Photo/Michael Sohn, File)

The Begining of the End

UN Security Council Authorizes Land and Air Attacks on Pirate Bases Along Somalia's Coast
By AHMED AL-HAJ Associated Press Writer
UNITED NATIONS December 16, 2008 (AP)

Eight suspected Somali pirates at the Law Courts in Mombasa Kenya Thursday Dec. 11, 2008. (AP Photo)

On the same day Somali gunmen seized two more ships, the U.N. Security Council voted unanimously Tuesday to authorize nations to conduct land and air attacks on pirate bases on the coast of the Horn of Africa country.

Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was on hand to push through the resolution, one of President George W. Bush's last major foreign policy initiatives.

Rice said the resolution will have a significant impact, especially since "pirates are adapting to the naval presence in the Gulf of Aden by traveling further" into sea lanes not guarded by warships sent by the U.S. and other countries.

The council authorized nations to use "all necessary measures that are appropriate in Somalia" to stop anyone using Somali territory to plan or carry out piracy in the nearby waters traversed each year by thousands of cargo ships sailing between Asia and the Suez Canal.

That includes the use of Somali airspace, even though the U.S. appeased Indonesia, a council member, by removing direct mention of it, U.S. officials said.

Somalia Foreign Minister Ali Ahmed Jama, whose government asked for the help, said he was "heartened" by the council action. "These acts of piracy are categorically unacceptable and should be put to an end," he said.

The resolution sets up the possibility of increased American military action in Somalia, a chaotic country where a U.S. peacekeeping mission in 1992-93 ended with a humiliating withdrawal of troops after a deadly clash in Mogadishu, as portrayed in the movie "Black Hawk Down."

The commander of the U.S. Navy's 5th Fleet expressed doubt last week about the wisdom of staging ground attacks on Somali pirates. Vice Adm. Bill Gortney told reporters it is difficult to identify pirates and said the potential for killing innocent civilians "cannot be overestimated."

Rice played down the differences between the State Department and Pentagon, telling reporters that the U.S. was fully committed to preventing pirates from establishing a sanctuary.

"What we do or do not do in cases of hot pursuit we'll have to see, and you'll have to take it case by case," she said. "I would not be here seeking authorization to go ashore if the United States government, perhaps most importantly, the president of the United States, were not behind this resolution."

Pirates have hijacked more than 40 vessels off Somalia's 1,880-mile coastline this year. Before the latest seizures, maritime officials said 14 vessels remained in pirate hands — including a Saudi tanker carrying $100 million worth of crude oil and a Ukrainian ship loaded with tanks and other heavy weapons. Also held are more than 250 crew members.

A member of the Dutch special forces stands guard near the bridge of Dutch cargo ship MV Jumbo Javelin as it passes near the Gulf of Aden on Monday, Dec. 8, 2008.
The Dutch warship De Ruyter, seen in the background, was escorting the cargo ship through the Gulf of Aden, which has become the world's top piracy hotspot this year. Pirates have made an estimated $30 million hijacking ships for ransom this year, seizing 40 vessels off Somalia's 1,880-mile coastline.(AP Photo/Tom Maliti, file)

Antonio Maria Costa, executive director of the Vienna, Austria-based U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime, said Tuesday that it is important for nations to jointly confront pirates.

"Regional cooperation is essential," Costa said. "A few years ago, piracy was a threat to the Straits of Malacca (in Southeast Asia). By working together, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand managed to cut the number of attacks by more than half since 2004."


Kenyan Vice President, Kalonzo Musyoka speaks during the opening of the International Conference on Piracy around Somalia at an hotel in Nairobi, Kenya, Thursday, Dec. 11, 2008.
Sitting from left, Charges Petre, Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary General for Somalia, United Nations Special Representative for Somalia Ahmedou Ould Abdalla and Kenyan Foreign Minister Moses Wetangula, right.
(AP Photo/Sayyid Azim)


Christus Candelarium

Turkey, Dec. 25, 2008Christmas Celebrations
Murad Sezer/AP Photo

Ecumenical Orthodox Patriarch Bartholomew I, the spiritual leader of the world's Orthodox Christians, led hundreds of worshippers at a crowded Christmas service at the Patriarchal Cathedral of St. George in Istanbul. Many were pilgrims from neighboring Greece.

Who Are These Pirates?

HILARY G. BROWN
LONDON, Nov. 24, 2008

About 1,000 Somali pirates, have been terrorizing the sea lanes of the Indian Ocean and living like sultans. They are holding 14 ships and about 250 crew members.

Here's a Q&A primer to help clarify this ongoing story.
 
Who Are These Pirates Exactly?
The pirates claimed they were disaffected Somali fishermen operating in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, whose boats had been challenged and sometimes attacked by unauthorized foreign vessels fishing the same waters. The pirates said their boats were often destroyed and they were forced to flee, according to one of the pirates, a 42 year old father of nine who described himself as "a pirate boss."

In an interview with The Guardian this week, Asad Abdulahi said he and his shipmates considered themselves "heroes running away from poverty.
"We don't see the hijacking as a criminal act but as a road tax," he said, "because we have no central government to control our sea."

How Do the Pirates Operate?
Most are based in the port of Eyl in the state of Somalia, which has had no government to speak of for 20 years. They put to sea in a "mother ship" that took them into the shipping lanes, several hundred miles offshore. They then launched small speedboats armed with little more than AK 47's, grenades and grappling irons to haul themselves up onto the deck of a ship. Generally, they can sieze a ship without firing a shot.

How Many Ships Have Been Hijacked?
The Somali pirates have captured 39 ships so far this year, the biggest prize being the huge, Saudi-owned Sirius Star, whose cargo included 2 million barrels of oil, seized Nov. 15 by a handful of pirates, 450 miles off the coast of East Africa. The Saudi foreign minister has said that his government does not negotiate with hijackers but added, significantly, that "what the ship owners do, is up to them."

What many ship owners do is pay up. Ransoms worth an estimated $150 million have been paid in the past year, by approximately 25 shipowners, in payments dropped in sacks, by helicopter or packed into waterproof suitcases and floated on boats toward an agreed pickup point.

Can't Anyone Stop These Pirates?
An Indian frigate managed to sink a "mother ship" last week. But there are restrictions on naval boats, described in the next answer.

Somalia is an impoverished, failed state, and the pirates have been throwing their ransom money around, building huge villas, importing expensive cars, opening restaurants and generally winning popular support in their home port of Eyl. But this week, heavily armed Islamists reportedly moved into the port of Haradheere, where the Sirius Star is anchored. The Islamists said they would punish the pirates for "seizing a Muslim ship." But analysts said they are probably more interested in a cut of the ransom, if and when it's paid.

What Can the Ships Do to Protect Themselves?
The simple answer is, avoid the Indian Ocean, Gulf of Aden and the Suez Canal. But that, of course, means taking enormous, costly detours around the entire African continent, past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, to reach the Mediterranean and European ports. This southern route adds 12 to 15 days to each voyage, at a cost of $20,000 to $30,000 a day.

Nine countries now have warships in the area, including Russia, France, Malaysia, Denmark and part of the U.S. 5th Fleet, based in Bahrain. Turkish and British frigates also run patrols in the Gulf of Aden. But the navies are operating under a restrictive United Nations mandate that does not allow them to actually board hijacked vessels . The Indian frigate that sank a pirate ship last week seems to have been a one- time event.

Some shipping companies have considered hiring private security companies to protect their ships, even arming the ship's crews, though merchant ships are by law generally prohibited from carrying weapons.

The International Maritime Organization advises ships that continue to sail through these pirate-infested waters to sail at night, which is not terribly helpful, since they still have the other 12 hours of daylight to worry about. It also said that crews should "batten down the hatches, and try using high-pressure fire hoses against the pirates as they approach the ship in their small speedboats." 


How Many Hostages Have Died in This Wave of Piracy?
As far as we know, none. Captured crew members said on release that they were well treated by the pirates who told them not to be frightened, because "you are poor people like us."

Indians & Pirates


The head of the piracy reporting center today applauded the Indian warship that blasted a suspected pirate ship and said such muscle flexing by the world's navies was long overdue. "It's about time that such a forceful action is taken. It's an action that everybody is waiting for," Noel Choong, who heads the International Maritime Bureau's piracy reporting center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, told The Associated Press.

The Indian warship, the Tabar, tried to stop a ship that matched the description of a pirate "mother ship" in the Gulf of Aden where numerous ships have been attacked by pirates. Rather than be boarded, the pirates fired on the Tabar. The warship fired back, starting fires on the pirate vessel and triggering several explosions that destroyed the ship.

"If all warships do this, it will be a strong deterrent. But if it's just a rare case, then it won't work" to control the unprecedented level of piracy in the Gulf of Aden, he said.

There is no consensus among the world's powers, however, to go after the pirates despite the fact that the ships that have been captured are anchored in clear view off the coast of Somalia.

The U.S. Navy said Wednesday that it's not about to use its military might to free a giant oil tanker or any other ship captured by Somali pirates because if naval forces recover one ship, they would have to recover them all.

Besides, a Pentagon official asked, what would they do with all the captured pirates?


The U.S. Fifth Fleet has dozens of ships patrolling the pirate-infested waters off the Somali coast in the Gulf of Aden and in the Indian Ocean. They have been joined by warships from several other nations trying to create a safe corridor through the busy shipping lanes.

Nevertheless, 95 ships have been attacked and 39 captured so far this year. Seventeen of those ships, including the massive Saudi supertanker Sirius Star, with its $100 million load of crude, remain in pirate hands.

The Sirius Star is anchored several miles off the Somali coast as ransom negotiations begin to heat up.

Arms length

Another captured ship, the MV Faina, was seized by pirates in September and quickly cornered by U.S. warships. But since then, the U.S. crews have simply watched the Faina, its holds filled with weapons, to make sure its deadly cargo doesn't slip away to militants ashore.

Shipping companies cheered today when news broke that an Indian warship attacked and destroyed a pirate "mother ship" that fired on it rather than be boarded.

But the rare military action raised the question why the world's navies didn't simply take back the stolen ships.

A Navy official told ABC News that if the Navy rescued one ship then it would have to start doing it for all. There are 17 ships currently being held hostage by Somali pirates.

The official added that the Navy is already busy in the region -- carrying out military exercises, watching for terrorists and drug smugglers -- too busy to devote its resources to piracy.

It's up to the shipping companies, argue military officials and the International Maritime Board, to take steps to protect themselves in international water.

And once captured, it is the Navy's view that "negotiations are between the pirates and shipping companies."

Baby aardvark

Baby Animals(Mark M. Gaskill/Detroit Zoo/AP Photo)
Amani, shown here, was born Dec. 8 to mother Rachaael and father Mchimbaji, at the Detroit Zoo. Amani means "peace" in Swahili.
The 23-inch infant arrived hairless, weighing 3 pounds, 10 ounces, with ears measuring 4 inches. The zoo is awaiting DNA tests to determine the newborn's sex.

More on Somali Pirates

In October 2005 an International Maritime Bureau report documented twenty-three pirate attacks in Somali waters since March 15, 2005. One of the attacks resulted in the Hong Kong-based owner of a liquefied gas tanker paying hijackers $315,000 for the return of the ship after it was seized on April 10, 2005. In another attack on August 15, 2005, three fishing boats and forty-eight Asian fishermen were captured by Somali pirates and held for ransom in Somalia.

The attack on a luxury cruise ship off the coast of Somalia on November 5th, 2005 generated some publicity to the Somali piracy and prompted the cash-strapped Somali government to sign a $50 million contract with an American company to provide protection against pirates, but it is not clear what, if anything, the American company has done about the problem.

Falling on deaf years

The attack on the Seabourn Spirit cruise ship was detered (according to several news sources including USA Today), through the use of a sonic weapon.

It was a long-range acoustic device (LRAD) originally developed for the U.S. Navy by American Technology Corporation of San Diego. The non-lethal weapon was designed to deter attacks on ships like the bombing of the USS Cole in 2000, an attack that was carried out in a Yemeni port by suicide bombers who approached the Cole in a small boat packed with explosives.

The Seabourn Spirit was sailing approximately 100 miles off the coast of Somalia when men on two speedboats fired on the ship with machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades. The ship escaped from the two speedboats after attempting to ram one of them and using the LRAD. One crew member suffered minor injuries from shrapnel. None of the 151 passengers was injured.

LRAD permits broadcasting of messages or sounds (including ear-splitting noises) over long distances. Its use can cause permanent hearing loss at distances of up to 100 yards.

At present, the device is deployed on U.S. Navy ships operating in the Persian Gulf and as part of the force protection kits of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force in Iraq. A number of cruise ships also carry the LRAD, which, because the sound it generates is focused in a particular direction, can be used without harming its operators or others not directly in the path of the sonic pulse.

Goings get tough
In the beginning of 2006 there were two encounters between U.S. Navy ships and suspected pirates. In the second (March 18th) two U.S. warships were involved in a clash with suspected pirates off the coast of Somalia early in the morning. Sailors aboard the USS Cape St. George, which was patrolling in the Indian Ocean along with the USS Gonzalez as part of a Dutch-led maritime security operation, fired on a fishing boat in international waters after men aboard the boat brandished a rocket-propelled grenade launcher and fired on the American vessel. One suspect was killed, five were wounded, and twelve others were taken into custody.

Not a bad year after all
The 2006 International Maritime Organization annual Reports on Acts of Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships (available here as a .pdf file) put the Somali piracy into context:
  • There were 241 "acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships" reported to the IMO in 2006, 25 fewer than in 2005.
  • The South China Sea, where there were 66 "incidents," was the most dangerous part of the world (although the Malacca Strait, with 22 "incidents," probably had the most attacks per square mile.
  • Ten ships were hijacked. Four of the ten hijackings occurred in the waters off East Africa.
  • Thirteen crew members died at the hands of pirates; another 112 were injured.
  • There were 180 crew members kidnapped or taken hostage, of which 37 remain unaccounted for.
  • The peak month for piracy was April. Like Congress, pirates seem to go into recess in August

Thursday, December 25, 2008

To sell or not to sell

Dear Wikipedia friends,

I'm answering to Jimmy Wales appeal and and making a donnation to Wikipedia.

But I really can not understand what is the big deal with having some Google links in a quiet sidebar and have them pay for your explendid work and for the service it renders to all of us (I was going to write "mankind", thought it too grandiouse, but I do think you guys are doing something remarkable for all mankind).

I certainly would hate having pop-ups, banners, stupid-things-flying-over-the-
page, and the likes at Wikipedia, but I honestly can see no harm in a few, discrete, well-behaved, sometimes thought-provoking, Google (or any other's) links on the sidebar. All major free content providers -- PBS, BBC etc. -- have some sort of funding from advertising. It is just common sense.

Additionally, I think you guys are not giving the necessary thought to finding a second alternative to donnation, other than advertising (though I appreciate and constantly buy at the memorabilia online store). For instance: what if you had other sites, where it would be all too natural to insert advertising or to charge for content? Something with quizzes, tests, homework/research support or a number of other type of content that do not occur to me right now.

Though I'm making my donation, I sort of feel I'm placating the thirst of the drunkard.

All the best,

The Last Steinway Son

Henry Z. Steinway, former president of Steinway & Sons and great grandson of the firm’s founder, died on September 18, 2008 at the age of 93. He was the last Steinway to run the piano-making company his family started in 1853. In 2003 when Steinway & Sons celebrated its 150th anniversary at Carnegie Hall, he represented the family.
Henry Z. Steinway is survived by his widow, Polly Zinsser, his sister Lydia Steinway Cochrane, and his five children.

183 Years of Piano Making
Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg (1797 – 1871) was a German piano manufacturer and the founder of Steinway & Sons. He was born in Wolfshagen im Harz, Germany. In 1835 he made his first square piano, which he presented to his bride Juliane at their wedding. In 1836 he build his first grand piano in his kitchen in the town of Seesen. This piano was later named the “kitchen piano”, and is now on display at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art with a Steinweg 1836 square piano.

Going NY
Owing the unstable political climate in Germany, Steinweg decided to leave the country. He emigrated from Braunschweig, Germany, to New York City in 1851 with four of his sons, but before leaving he turned the German Company over to his son, Theodor Steinweg. Once in New York, he anglicized his name to Henry E. Steinway, and he and his sons worked for other piano companies until they could establish their own production under the name of Steinway & Sons in 1853. The business expanded with their inventions. The overstrung scale in a square piano earned the Steinway Piano a first prize at the New York Industrial Fair of 1855.

Its early successes have been credited both to the high quality of its instruments and to brilliant marketing, including the showroom and the Steinway Hall. Steinway Street, one of the main streets in the Astoria and Long Island City neighborhoods of Queens, is named after the company. The second factory was established in 1880, in Hamburg, Germany.

I'll Have a Hamburg D, Please
Many of the great pianists of the past (referred to by Steinway as ‘the Immortals’) and many active concert pianists today have expressed a preference for either the New York or the Hamburg piano. Vladimir Horowitz played a New York model D, Arthur Rubinstein preferred the Hamburg model D. Sergei Rachmaninoff had two New York Steinways in his Beverly Hills home, and one New York D in his New York home, and later he chose a Hamburg D for his new villa Senar in Switzerland.

The difference between the New York and Hamburg instruments is less noticeable today, although some objective differences are well known: the American models have a black satin finish and square or Sheraton corners; Hamburg models have a high gloss polyester finish and rounded corners.

550,000 Pianos during the 20th Century
By 1900, both factories were producing more than 3,500 pianos a year, for concert halls, schools, and private homes all over the world.

In 1857 Steinway began to produce a line of highly lucrative art case pianos, designed by well-known artists, which became popular among the rich and famous. Today, these pianos sell for vast sums of money at auction houses. In 1903 the one hundred thousandth Steinway grand piano was given as a gift to the White House. It was replaced in 1938 by the three hundred thousandth, which remains in the White House to this day.

During the 1920s Steinway had been selling up to 6,000 pianos a year. Piano production fell after 1929, and during the Great Depression they produced just over 1,000 pianos a year. In the years between 1935 and WWII, demand rose again.

By the year 2000, Steinway had made its five hundred and fifty thousandth piano. The company updated and expanded production of its two other brands, Boston and Essex pianos, in addition to the flagship Steinway & Sons. More showrooms, and large and small concert halls were opening across the world, mainly in Japan, Korea and China.

21st Century
At present, 2,500 Steinway pianos are built in New York every year, and 1,500 Steinway pianos are built in Hamburg. The market is loosely divided into two sales areas, New York Steinway supply North and South America with their pianos; Hamburg Steinway supply their pianos to the rest of the world. At all the main Steinway showrooms, pianos can be ordered from both factories. The New York and Hamburg factories exchange parts and craftsmanship in order to “make no compromise in quality”, in the words of Henry E. Steinway. Steinway parts for both factories come from the same places: Canadian maple is used for the rim; the soundboards are made from Sitka spruce from Alaska. Both factories use similar crown parameters for their diaphragmatic soundboards. Recently Steinway has acquired some of its suppliers in order to maintain quality: the German manufacturer Kluge in Wuppertal, which supplies all the keyboards was bought up in December 1998; in November 1999, it purchased the company which supplies its iron frames, O. S. Kelly Co., Springfield.

Immortal Beloved
Since 1996 Steinway Musical Instruments, Inc. has been traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Its ticker name is LVB (Ludwig van Beethoven).

Links:

Steinway & Sons: Remembering Henry Z Steinway

A Salute to Henry Steinway (2006) by pianist Richard Glazier

Tuesday, December 23, 2008

A Wolf at the Table: A Memoir of My Father

A review at Amazon.com

I know I should post this as a comment to some of the reviewers, but I do think a bit of reflection on what constitutes a valid critic and what does not might help all of us Amazon buyers/readers.

I find it very disturbing and annoying to read so many negative critics on grounds such as: "this book lacks the wit of the others, by the same author", "he is repeating himself", "I was expecting some laughs" etc.

What this comments tell me is that there is a lot of people out there, that came to regard the literary creation the same way they regard their fast food consumption: as a producer-consumer relationship to be appraised by standards such as uniformity (the same burger, wherever you go), predictability (the same shopping/reading experience) etc. The author is, thus, transformed into a brand.

Sure, there are many authors, specially in America, that gladly adhere to this "contract" with their audiences, but this is certainly NOT something we should regard as a desirable norm for all authors. Revisiting the same material/subject many times; producing works of radically different tones/moods; amplifying the significance of personal experiences -- none of these are valid grounds for appraising, either positively or negatively, a literary work.

What would we say of Shakespeare's work if we adopted such criteria as measures of quality? Should he write only histories, and not comedies or tragedies? Should we condemn "King Lear", on the grounds that it is "too tragic" and lacks the wit of "The Merry Wives of Windsor"? Or that Lear was actually "exaggerating things"?

This is even more valid in the case of autobiographical works, such as Burroughs' book. It is entirely the author's prerogative to employ the tone that he feels inclined to, as well as the subject matter that he deems necessary to cover.

I am certainly not suggesting that Burroughs' work is as good as or as important as Shakespeare's. I'm not even saying it is good. But I do believe we would read much better, useful and intelligent reviews if we all used sensible criteria for our comments.

Saturday, December 20, 2008

Top 10 scientific breakthroughs of 2008

Ian Sample, science correspondent
guardian.co.uk, Thursday 18 December 2008 19.05 GMT
Woman's stomach, skin, belly button

Skin cells can be regressed to make stem cells, which in turn
can be grown into a range of replacement tissues and organs.
Photograph: Getty

A feat of biological alchemy that offers scientists the hope of growing replacement organs from patients' own skin cells has been named the scientific breakthrough of the year.

Cellular reprogramming allows scientists to rewind the developmental clock of adult cells to produce stem cells, which can then be grown into completely different tissues, such as neurons and beating heart cells.

The technique is already being used to gain unprecedented insights into debilitating and incurable diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, but ultimately scientists hope they will be able to treat patients by reprogramming their cells to make healthy replacement tissues and organs.

The discovery leads a top ten of major advances announced by the prestigious US journal Science. It was chosen because it "opened a new field of biology almost overnight and holds out hope of life-saving medical advances," said Robert Coontz, an editor on the publication.

Scientists first showed they could transform adult cells into stem cells in experiments on mice two years ago. This year, they built on the work and made spectacular progress in humans.

In July, researchers at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute in Boston plucked skin cells from an 82-year-old woman with motor neurone disease and reprogrammed them into stem cells, before turning these into spinal cord nerves. By watching the nerves grow in the lab, the scientists can see how the disease takes hold and progresses, which is impossible to observe in a living patient.

Only a week later, another team created stem cells from patients with 10 other medical conditions, including muscular dystrophy, type 1 diabetes and Down's syndrome. Researchers are now focusing on boosting the safety and efficiency of the technique.

Second place on the list of breakthroughs was awarded for the first direct observation of a planet beyond our own solar system. Scientists first confirmed that there were worlds orbiting other stars in the 1980s, though they did so indirectly. The majority of the more than 300 "extrasolar planets" now known were spotted by watching the tiny wobble in stars' position as enormous, Jupiter-sized planets swung around them.

This year, scientists announced that they had seen shimmers of light from the planets themselves. They are just faint pinpricks of light in space, but they will give astronomers clues to what those distant planets are made of and how they formed.

The remaining eight breakthroughs are not ranked in any particular order but cover the breadth of science from the genetics of cancer and renewable sources of energy, to an unprecedented understanding of "good fat", and a way of calculating the mass of the universe.

Scientists at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany, made the top 10 list for developing a laser microscope to capture the dance of cells inside a fertilised egg as it grows into an embryo. By rewinding the video of a zebrafish embryo, the researchers were able to trace the origin of cells that formed specific tissues, such as the retina at the back of the eye.

The year saw a flurry of genomes published, from that of the woolly mammoth to individual cancer patients, a feat aided by a surge in new genetic sequencing techniques, which also made the top ten. Joining them was research on two of the deadliest cancers, pancreatic and brain tumours, which revealed dozens of mutations that had made the cells go awry.

Another notable breakthrough involved research into brown fat tissue, which burns "bad" white fat to generate heat for the body. Scientists found that brown fat is remarkably similar to muscle, a discovery that could lead to new treatments for obesity.

The remaining top 10 scientific discoveries included a new family of superconductors that can carry electricity without resistance; a way to watch proteins at work; a catalyst that can split water into hydrogen and oxygen, and so provide renewable energy; and a calculation that predicts the mass of two of the building blocks of matter, the proton and neutron.

Tequila turned into diamonds

Ian Sample, science correspondent The Guardian, Thursday 13 November 2008

Tequila
Tequila contains the perfect mix of alcohol and water to create diamonds.
Photograph: David Sillitoe/Guardian

Farmers in Mexico have been given another reason to grow agave, the cactus-like plant used to produce the country's most potent export. In the bar room equivalent of alchemy, scientists have turned shots of tequila into diamonds.

The surprise use for the national tipple emerged when researchers at the National Autonomous University experimented with making ultra-thin films of diamond from organic solutions, such as acetone and ethanol. The mix that worked best, 40% alcohol and 60% water, was similar to the proportions used in tequila.

Diamond films are extremely durable and heat resistant and can be used to coat cutting tools. By carefully adding impurities to the films, it is also possible to make diamond semiconductors for use in electronic circuits.

Luis Miguel Apátiga, a member of the team, brought a bottle of cheap tequila into the lab to see if it could be turned into diamond. When he heated a shot to 800C it vaporised and broke down into its atomic constituents, producing a fine layer of carbon on nearby metal trays.

Close examination of the films at high magnification revealed that the carbon had formed into crystal structures identical to diamond. Each was around one thousandth of a millimetre across.
"It's true that the fact it's tequila has a certain charm. It's a Mexican product and Mexican researchers developed the project, but a businessman can say to me: 'Great, how pretty! But how can I use it?'," Apátiga said. "It would be very difficult to obtain diamonds for a ring."
The researchers plan to make tequila-based diamonds on an industrial scale from 2011, a move that could see agave growing expand beyond the tequila market.

Tuesday, December 9, 2008

Christus Agna Gaelica

Vintage Celebrity Portrait: Raquel Welch, actress por seattletim.
Photographer: Unknown, 1966.
Learn about Raquel here:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raquel_Welch
Publicity shot for the film, One Million Years BC
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Million_Years_B.C.


It really looks like one million years since we last could see an ad picture like this

Sunday, December 7, 2008

A Remarkable Company

Remarkable was set up by Edward Douglas Miller in 1996 to start to look at what could be made from UK recycled materials.

He began by experimenting with plastic cups with the aim of trying to turn one plastic cup into a pencil. Why? Because it had never been done before and it would prove to the world that you could take one everyday, throwaway item that would usually just go straight to landfill and, instead, turn it into a new product which was
fun, functional and had a long second life.

During the first two years of research & development - even before it had been sent out to potential clients - the Remarkable Pencil had started to generate interest and intrigue from many quarters, so much so in fact that it started to take on a life of its own. The Remarkable story had already begun… and the rest, as they say, is history... click here to read.

Our philosophy at Remarkable is to create recycled items that are well-designed, great quality and a joy to own.

As well as their environmental credentials - all our products are made using only UK recycled materials - we want people to choose Remarkable because they like what we are doing; making products that instil a sense of fun and intrigue, and because all our products evoke a feeling of purpose, passion and excitement.

By highlighting what an item was in its previous life, we feel we are showing what can be made with UK waste - that we are generating a positive interest in recycling and environmental issues. Using the fascination of what an item once was is a new and fun way of communicating the recycled message.

In brief, we don't want people to think that recycling is dull. It can, in fact, be very cool!



The principles of Remarkable Environmental Activities include:
  • To develop technology and provide products that will be sensitive to the earth's finite resources and environment through the use of recycled and sustainable materials.
  • To promote energy-saving activities considering all aspects of the product's life cycle in order to minimize the environmental impact of raw materials and components whilst conserving natural resources through waste reduction and the use of recycled and sustainable materials and components.
  • To endeavour to meet or exceed all applicable environmental and safety regulatory requirements.
  • To promote waste minimization activities, giving preference to recycled or renewable sources wherever practicable.
  • To promote continuous improvement and methods for improving manufacturing processes that minimize environmental impacts.
  • To encourage environmental awareness to all employees so that environmental factors are considered in all decision-making processes.

Friday, December 5, 2008

GM to the American taxpayer

The following ad, which is on GM's site will appear in print the same day American congress may begin voting on as much as $34 billion in U.S. assistance for GM, Ford Motor Co. and Chrysler

GM's Commitment to the American People

We deeply appreciate the Congress considering General Motors’ request to borrow up to $18 billion from the United States. We want to be sure the American people know why we need it, what we’ll do with it and how it will make GM viable for the long term.

For a century, we have been serving your personal mobility needs, providing American
jobs and serving local communities. We have been the U.S. sales leader for 76
consecutive years. Of the 250 million cars and trucks on U.S. roads today, more than 66
million are GM brands — nearly 44 million more than Toyota brands. Our goal is to
continue to fulfill your aspirations and exceed your expectations.

While we’re still the U.S. sales leader, we acknowledge we have disappointed you. At
times we violated your trust by letting our quality fall below industry standards and our
designs become lackluster. We have proliferated our brands and dealer network to the
point where we lost adequate focus on our core U.S. market. We also biased our product
mix toward pick-up trucks and SUVs. And, we made commitments to compensation
plans that have proven to be unsustainable in today’s globally competitive industry. We
have paid dearly for these decisions, learned from them and are working hard to correct
them by restructuring our U.S. business to be viable for the long term.

Today, we have substantially overcome our quality gap; our newest designs like the
Chevrolet Malibu and Cadillac CTS are widely heralded for their appeal; our new
products are nearly all cars and “crossovers” rather than pick-ups and SUVs; our factories
have greatly improved productivity and our labor agreements are much more competitive.
We are also driven to lead in fuel economy, with more hybrid models for sale and
biofuel-capable vehicles on the road than any other manufacturer, and determined to
reinvent the automobile with products like the Chevrolet Volt extended-range electric
vehicle and breakthrough technology like hydrogen fuel cells.

Until recent events, we felt the actions we’d been taking positioned us for a bright future. Just a year ago, after we reached transformational agreements with our unions, industry
analysts were forecasting a positive GM turnaround. We had adequate cash on hand to
continue our restructuring even under relatively conservative industry sales volume
assumptions. Unfortunately, along with all Americans, we were hit by a “perfect storm.”
Over the past year we have all faced volatile energy prices, the collapse of the U.S.
housing market, failing financial institutions, a stock market crash and the complete
freezing of credit. We are in the midst of the worst economic crisis since the Great
Depression. Just like you, we have been severely impacted by events outside our control.
U.S. auto industry sales have fallen to their lowest per capita rate in half a century.
Despite moving quickly to reduce our planned spending by over $20 billion, GM finds
itself precariously and frighteningly close to running out of cash.

This is why we need to borrow money from U.S. taxpayers. If we run out of cash, we
will be unable to pay our bills, sustain our operations and invest in advanced technology.

A collapse of GM and the domestic auto industry will accelerate the downward spiral of
an already anemic U.S. economy. This will be devastating to all Americans, not just GM
stakeholders, because it would put millions of jobs at risk and deepen our recession. By
lending GM money, you will provide us with a financial bridge until the U.S. economy
and auto sales return to modestly healthy levels. This will allow us to keep operating and
complete our restructuring.

We submitted a plan to Congress Dec. 2, 2008, detailing our commitments to ensure our
viability, strengthen our competitiveness, and deliver energy-efficient products.

Specifically, we are committed to:
• produce automobiles you want to buy and are excited to own
• lead the reinvention of the automobile based on promising new technology
• focus on our core brands to consistently deliver on their promises
• streamline our dealer network to ensure the best sales and service
• ensure sacrifices are shared by all GM stakeholders
• meet appropriate standards for executive pay and corporate governance
• work with our unions to quickly realize competitive wages and benefits
• reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil
• protect our environment
• pay you back the entire loan with appropriate oversight and returns
These actions, combined with a modest rebound of the U.S. economy, should allow us to
begin repaying you in 2011.

In summary, our plan is designed to provide a secure return on your investment in GM’s
future. We accept the conditions of your loan, the commitments of our plan, and the
results needed to transform our business for long-term success. We will contribute to
strengthening U.S. energy and environmental security. We will contribute to America’s
technical and manufacturing know-how and create high quality jobs for the “new
economy.” And, we will continue to deliver personal mobility freedom to Americans
using the most advanced transportation solutions. We are proud of our century of
contribution to U.S. prosperity and look forward to making an equally meaningful
contribution during our next 100 years.

Monday, December 1, 2008

Kevin's cool

 

O sol saiu em Itajaí

Meus amigos,

Hoje 27 de novembro de 2008 o sol saiu e conseguimos voltar a trabalhar. A despeito de brincadeiras e comentários espirituosos normais sobre esta "folga forçada" a verdade é que nunca me senti tão feliz de voltar ao trabalho. Não somente pelo trabalho, pela instituição e pela própria tranqüilidade de ter aonde ganhar o pão, mas também por ser um sinal de que a vida está voltando ao normal aqui na nossa Itajaí.

As fotos que circulam na internet e os telejornais já nos dão as imagens claras de tudo que aconteceu então não vou me estender narrando e descrevendo as cenas vistas nestes dias. Todos vocês já sabem de cor. Eu quero mesmo é falar sobre lições aprendidas.

Por mais que teorias e leituras mil nos falem sobre isso ainda é surpreendente presenciar como uma tragédia desse porte pode fazer aflorar no ser humano os sentimentos mais nobres e os seus instintos mais primitivos. As cenas e situações vividas neste final de semana prolongado em Itajaí nos fizeram chorar de alegria, raiva, tristeza e impotência. Fizeram-nos perder a fé no ser humano num segundo, para recuperar-la no seguinte.

Que aquela entidade superior que cada um acredita (Deus, Alá, Buda, GADU etc.) e da forma que cada um a concebe tenha piedade daqueles:

- Que se aproveitaram a situação para fazer saques em Supermercados, levando principalmente bebidas e cigarros
- Que saquearam uma farmácia levando medicamentos controlados, equipamentos e cofres e destruindo os produtos de primeira necessidade que ficaram assim como a estrutura física da mesma.
- Que pediam 5 reais por um litro de água mineral.
- Que chegaram a pedir 150 reais por um botijão de gás.
- Que foram pedir donativos de água e alimentos nas áreas secas pra vender nas áreas alagadas.
- Que foram comer e pegar roupas nos centros de triagem mesmo não tendo suas casas atingidas.
- Que esperaram as pessoas saírem das suas casas para roubarem o que restava.
- Que fizeram pessoas dormir em telhados e lajes com frio e fome para não ter suas casas saqueadas.
- Que não sentiram preocupação por ninguém, algo está errado em seu coração.
- Que simplesmente fizeram de conta que nada acontecia, por estarem em áreas secas.

Da mesma forma, que essa mesma entidade superior abençoe:


- Aqueles que atenderam ao chamado das rádios e se apresentaram no domingo no quartel dos bombeiros para ajudar de qualquer forma.
- Os bombeiros que tiveram paciência com a gente no quartel para nos instruir e nos orientar nas atividades que devíamos desenvolver.
- A turma das lanchas, os donos das lanchinhas de pescarias de fim de semana que rapidamente trouxeram seus barquinhos nas suas carretas e fizeram tanta diferença.
- À equipe da lancha, gente sensacional que parecia que nos conhecíamos de toda uma vida.
- Aos soldados do exército do Paraná e do Rio Grande do Sul.
- Aos bravos gaúchos, tantas vezes vitimas de nossas brincadeiras que trouxeram caminhões e caminhões de mantimentos.
- Aos cadetes da Academia da Polícia Militar que ainda em formação se portaram com veteranos.
- Aos Bombeiros e Policias locais que resgataram, cuidaram , orientaram e auxiliaram de todas as formas, muitas vezes com as suas próprias casas embaixo das águas.
- Aos Médicos Voluntários.
- Às enfermeiras Voluntárias.
- Aos bombeiros do Paraná que trabalharam ombro a ombro com os nossos.
- Aos Helicópteros da Aeronáutica e Exercito que fizeram os resgates nos locais de difícil acesso.
- Aos incansáveis do SAMU e das ambulâncias em geral, que não tiveram tempo nem pra respirar.
- Ao pessoal do Helicóptero da Polícia Militar de São Paulo, que mostrou que longo é o braço da solidariedade.
- Ao pessoal das rádios que manteve a população informada e manteve a esperança de quem estava isolado em casa.
- Aos estudantes que emprestaram seus físicos para carregar e descarregar caminhões nos centros de triagem.
- Às pessoas que cozinharam para milhares de estranhos.
- Ao empresário que não se identificou e entregou mais de mil marmitex no centro de triagem.
- A todos que doaram nem que seja uma peça de roupa.
- A todos que serviram nem que seja um copo de água a quem precisou.
- A todos que oraram por todos.
- Ao Brasil todo, que chorou nossos mortos e nossas perdas.
- Aos novos amigos que fiz no centro de triagem, na segunda-feira.
- A todos aqueles que me ligaram preocupados com a gente.
- A todos aqueles que ainda se preocupam por alguém.
- A todos aqueles que fizeram algo, mas eu não soube ou esqueci.

AMG

Começar de novo

Há alguns anos, numa grande enchente na Argentina, um anônimo escreveu isto:

Eu tinha medo da escuridão
Até que as noites se fizeram longas e sem luz
Eu não resistia ao frio facilmente
Até passar a noite molhado numa laje
Eu tinha medo dos mortos
Até ter que dormir num cemitério
Eu tinha rejeição por quem era de Buenos Aires
Até que me deram abrigo e alimento
Eu tinha aversão a Judeus
Até darem remédios aos meus filhos
Eu adorava exibir a minha nova jaqueta
Até dar ela a um garoto com hipotermia
Eu escolhia cuidadosamente a minha comida
Até que tive fome
Eu desconfiava da pele escura
Até que um braço forte me tirou da água
Eu achava que tinha visto muita coisa
Até ver meu povo perambulando sem rumo pelas ruas
Eu não gostava do cachorro do meu vizinho
Até naquela noite eu o ouvir ganir até se afogar
Eu não lembrava os idosos
Até participar dos resgates
Eu não sabia cozinhar
Até ter na minha frente uma panela com arroz e crianças com fome
Eu achava que a minha casa era mais importante que as outras
Até ver todas cobertas pelas águas
Eu tinha orgulho do meu nome e sobrenome
Até a gente se tornar todos seres anônimos
Eu não ouvia rádio
Até ser ela que manteve a minha energia
Eu criticava a bagunça dos estudantes
Até que eles, às centenas, me estenderam suas mãos solidárias
Eu tinha segurança absoluta de como seriam meus próximos anos
Agora nem tanto
Eu vivia numa comunidade com uma classe política
Mas agora espero que a correnteza tenha levado embora
Eu não lembrava o nome de todos os estados
Agora guardo cada um no coração
Tínhamos um rio
Agora somos parte dele
É de manhã, já saiu o sol e não faz tanto frio
Graças a Deus
Vamos começar de novo.

Anônimo

O cinema do monóculo

“Testemunha de Acusação” e o olhar clássico hollywoodiano sobre seus personagens
condensado e adaptado de: Larissa Pontez, "O cinema do monóculo", 2008.

podem ficar com a realidade

esse baixo astral

em que tudo entra pelo cano

eu quero viver de verdade

eu fico com o cinema americano

Paulo Leminski

Cinema Clássico. O próprio termo “clássico” já transmite uma idéia de fixo, imutável, emblemático de um tempo passado, mas que influencia e estabelece parâmetros para o que sucede, por tratar-se de algo universal e, assim, imortal, como as proporções gregas e as sinfonias de Mozart. Portanto, a nomenclatura de um tipo de cinema como clássico revela sua importância entre seus pares.

Outro ângulo pelo qual o termo é entendido é como algo preso às suas bases, conservador, resistente a mudanças e inovações. Mas o simples fato de o chamado Cinema Clássico Hollywoodiano tratar-se de um período tão abrangente (aproximadamente da década de 1910 aos anos 60), durante o qual ocorreram as duas Grandes Guerras, uma crise econômica mundial, a Guerra Fria, a Guerra do Vietnã, e inúmeras inovações tecnológicas, entre outras fundamentais transformações, torna ao mesmo tempo realistas e imprecisas as asserções de que esse cinema é tanto “imortal”, quanto profundamente arraigado às suas tradições: realistas, à medida que ele de fato definiu as linhas formais e estilísticas que perduram até hoje e que separam o “cinema canônico” de qualquer outro tipo de cinema que fuja a elas; e imprecisas, já que nenhuma forma de arte poderia permanecer imutável em um período tão dinâmico e turbulento.

Se o cinema canônico passou por poucas reformas nos seus alicerces formais, seu conteúdo sofreu, a cada transformação mundial, profundos conflitos. A “Era de Ouro” do cinema norte-americano, em que os grandes estúdios produziam com dinamismo industrial e os filmes de gênero atingiam seu ápice, durou, para alguns teóricos, aproximadamente até o final da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A discrepância, inédita até o final da década de 1940, entre os filmes elogiados pela crítica e emblemáticos da época – “À Beira do Abismo”, de Howard Hawks, 1946; “Sangue de Herói”, de John Ford; “A dama de Shanghai”, de Orson Welles, 1948, entre outros – e aqueles que, na ocasião, fizeram sucesso de bilheteria, é indicativa do gradual declínio do modelo hollywoodiano clássico. Essa fragmentação do público, que até os anos 40 era massificado incentivou a produção de filmes “pré-vendidos”, ou seja, baseados em livros, histórias, peças, etc., que já eram sucesso de vendas.

Bem-sucedido nesse momento de crise do sistema, Billy Wilder era um representante do modelo almejado pela indústria, geralmente fazendo filmes propositalmente sem conotações políticas, dirigidos às massas. Estilisticamente, é um dos diretores mais aclamados e representativos do formalismo técnico hollywoodiano. Apesar de defender ao máximo a chamada invisibilidade do aparato cinematográfico, em 1950 Wilder já era considerado um auteur dentro do sistema de estúdios, um autor que executava com maestria os princípios do cinema canônico.

Seu filme “Testemunha de Acusação” (1958) parece, a princípio, apenas mais uma adaptação, de uma peça surpreendente de Agatha Christie, apenas um filme onde o aprumo estilístico (da decupagem, da atuação, da direção de arte, etc.) fica evidente. Sob análise cuidadosa, entretanto, percebe-se uma reflexão sobre a capacidade de o cinema clássico espelhar, representar e se comunicar com o público desse período. Não apresenta inovações formais, como o cinema de vanguarda. Parte da própria gramática canônica, utilizando a gama de artifícios técnicos para investigar a eficácia do modelo narrativo clássico e seu iminente declínio.

A história trata de um caso de assassinato, em que a testemunha-chave – que testemunhará pela acusação – é a esposa do réu. No entanto, como na grande maioria dos clássicos hollywooodianos, o elemento central do filme são as ações e relações entre personagens, não sua dinâmica e seus conflitos psicológicos.

Em um período em que pouco era atribuído ao inconsciente das pessoas, Virginia Woolf ainda era considerada uma escritora "difícil" e Joyce, impossível, o cinema,que, com os anos, passou a ser visto por tantos teóricos como uma das formas de arte que mais agem dentro desse inconsciente, em seu modelo clássico, pouco falava do universo interior de seus personagens. Os filmes eram guiados pelas relações entre os indivíduos, deixando o espectador em uma posição não de observador onisciente, mas de alguém dentro da história, que acompanha e desvenda a narrativa pelas ações e palavras de seus personagens, cujas motivações não são divulgadas ou esclarecidas. Nesse sentido, o cinema clássico se aproximava muito mais da vida real, na qual cabe a cada um depreender as intenções alheias, do que da novela oitocentista, cujos narradores ofereciam uma exposição ilimitada das mentes de seus personagens.

Se “Testemunha de Acusação” fosse realizado hoje, o cinema e seu público exigiriam uma análise psicológica muito mais profunda e detalhista para uma história em que as verdadeiras intenções dos protagonistas (Christine e Vole) são completamente invertidas no final.

O filme abre com um travelling in, utilizado, como em tantos outros casos, para localizar e transpor o espectador para dentro do universo no qual transcorrerá a história: nesse caso, a Corte Criminal de Londres. Essa cena será repetida no terceiro ato, quando o júri se prepara para dar o veredicto.

A música inicial é um leitmotif que acompanha elementos representativos da justiça, como o brasão sobre a bancada do juiz no fim dos créditos iniciais. Porém, quando retorna, é sobre a imagem de uma estátua da Justiça em reforma, como uma metáfora kafkaniana de que o processo de justiça é o antagonista do filme, no qual tanto Vole quanto Wilfrid confiam. É a protagonista, Christine, que assumidamente desconfia e se opõe a esse sistema, burlando-o, tomando um caminho próprio e inesperado para salvar seu marido. E ao final do filme, quando a deficiência da justiça é comprovada, Wilfrid compreende que, ao executar – “não matar” – o marido, Christine está preenchendo a falha causada pelo sistema, reequilibrando a balança. Eles são, nessa cena, através de uma ainda mais sutil metáfora visual, cúmplices. O monóculo em que Wilfrid tanto confiava para determinar a honestidade das pessoas já lhe é obsoleto e ineficaz. Ele balança-o como um pêndulo, sem mirá-lo em ninguém. Porém, como um sinal para Christine, a luz que reflete na lente incide sobre a faca, anteriormente um instrumento na defesa do marido, com a qual ele será morto.

Vole e Christine são, até o desfecho do filme, quase caricaturas de si mesmos, mas integrados a um universo de personagens alegóricos (o herói vitimizado, a femme fatale, o sábio-bufão, a “ruffiana” enfermeira), e por isso são aceitos como familiares. Seus nomes variam quase a cada cena: Vole também é chamado de Leonard, Mr. Vole, o acusado, o prisioneiro; Christine é, além de Mrs. Vole, também Mrs. Helm, Frau Helm, e a própria testemunha de acusação. A volúvel identificação desses personagens sinaliza seus desdobramentos e transformações.

Christine, no entanto, é um caso ainda mais singular. Talvez tão importante quanto a linguagem canônica e o sistema de estúdios do período clássico seja o star system, que jamais voltou a ter o mesmo prestígio que teve na Era de Ouro. Sobre ele, David Bordwell escreve:

A estrela reforçava a tendência à caracterização fortemente definida e unificada. [...] como o personagem ficcional [a estrela] já possuía um conjunto de características salientes que preenchiam as necessidades da história.

Tendo como ponto de partida essa visão amalgamada de personagem-estrela, Herbert Feinstein não está sozinho quando, em 1958, referiu-se a Christine como a própria atriz:

Marlene Dietrich interpreta uma Testemunha de acusação traiçoeira e duas-caras. [...] parece inútil discutir esses personagens [...] sob nomes fictícios, já que – para uma mulher – essas femmes fatales conseguem, inexoravelmente, interpretarem a si mesmas.

Dos diversos arquétipos que revolviam as estrelas, a aura da femme fatale simbolizava a mulher sinônimo de ruína. Frígida, calculista e intocável, ela arquiteta a destruição dos homens que a vêem como objeto de desejo inatingível e, como a própria Christine alega, “veneram o chão onde ela pisa”. Como Mary Ann Doane comenta:

Seria um erro ver [a femme fatale] como uma heroína da modernidade. Ela não é sujeita do feminismo, mas um sintoma dos medos masculinos sobre o feminismo.

Em oposição a ela, as heroínas eram frágeis e puras. Essas características eram reforçadas pela fotografia, que lhe dava um aspecto angelical. Wilder utiliza esses cânones da técnica cinematográfica para apontar à verdadeira personalidade de Christine. Ao ser supostamente desmascarada por Wilfrid, ela chora no banco das testemunhas. É então que a luz que a ilumina, faz o mesmo efeito das heroínas do melodrama e do filme noir: Ela está se sacrificando pelo amado. Seguindo os arquétipos clássicos, em “Testemunha de Acusação” Dietrich seria não uma femme fatale, mas uma diva, uma mulher que desconhece seus efeitos acidentalmente destruidores.

Mas a mentalidade do star system estava tão arraigada nos espectadores do período que, mesmo após a traição de Vole e a validação das ações de Christine por Wilfrid, Feinstein ainda via Dietrich como a vilã.

Conhecendo plenamente as propriedades alegóricas e familiares que as estrelas produziam na platéia, Wilder utiliza o próprio star system para quebrar esses paradigmas, a fim de produzir o final surpreendente: o espectador antecipa que Christine trairá seu marido, mas ela será a verdadeira heroína trágica que luta para salvar seu amado sem, contudo, conquistar seu final feliz. Se Tyrone Power (Vole) é um dos “príncipes encantados” do cinema clássico, ele será o traidor assassino. A surpresa dessas inversões das identidades não só dos personagens, mas, para o público, dos próprios atores, só poderia ter tal impacto na Era do Cinema Clássico Hollywoodiano.

Como o espectador clássico, Sir Wilfrid também é abalado pela revelação dos protagonistas. A razão pela qual ele prezava tanto a vida do cliente era porque estava, desde o início, convicto de sua inocência, pois estava confiante nos métodos de avaliação e investigação que estava acostumado a usar. O público tenta encontrar sinais e desvendar os personagens através da lente cinematográfica, como Wilfrid através de seu monóculo, simplesmente baseado em suas convicções anteriores: o contrato entre cinema clássico e espectador de que, a qualquer momento do filme, o público teria sempre o ângulo verdadeiro do que está acontecendo; as características das estrelas se confundem e misturam com os personagens que interpretam, cujas ações e falas revelam suas reais motivações.

Mas o que a câmera de Wilder evidencia é a ineficácia e ingenuidade desse olhar. O filme acaba sendo uma metáfora das limitações do olhar clássico sobre os personagens, ao achar que, narrando suas ações, é possível apreender algo sobre suas verdadeiras identidades. Como na vida real, com pessoas reais, em que isso não é possível, também não é ‘realístico’ no cinema. A luz que o cinema clássico lança sobre seus personagens, como a luz que o advogado lançava com seu monóculo, é inútil. Ao invés de estar atento às falas e ações, o espectador, para realmente desvendar esses personagens, deve olhar além do que está acostumado a ver. Como o próprio Wilfrid desconfia, “isso é muito arrumado, muito arranjado, e inteiramente simétrico demais”.

O declínio do modelo clássico hollywoodiano não se deve exclusivamente a mudanças econômicas ou à crise do sistema de estúdios. As mudanças de mentalidade do público americano, que havia perdido um pouco de sua ingenuidade e tornado-se mais aberto e consciente às demais tendências mundiais, foram gradativamente afastando o espectador do contato que costumava ter com a forma como Hollywood contava suas histórias e retratava seu imaginário. Seus conflitos e alegrias já não eram mais aqueles representados nas telas.

O fim do período Clássico Hollywoodiano pode ser visto como o coroamento e desfecho do período industrial nos Estados Unidos. De “O Nascimento de uma Nação” (D. W. Griffith, 1915) a “Como era verde o meu vale” (John Ford, 1941), passando por “Tempos Modernos” (Charlie Chaplin, 1936), “I Love Lucy” e “Os Jetsons”, a produção audiovisual americana narrou e refletiu os desafios, sacrifícios, perplexidades, benefícios e alegrias da era industrial, da mesma forma como as perturbações provocadas pela transição da sociedade agrária para a sociedade urbano-industrial foi documentada em um trabalho pioneiro do cinema – Metrópolis (Fritz Lang, 1927).

À medida que foi ficando claro que essa sociedade havia se transformado em uma sociedade pós-industrial, ficou também claro que essa produção audiovisual pertencia a uma outra época, agora extinta. A fragmentação dos gostos, o aumento da renda da população e o barateamento dos meios de produção e distribuição caracterizam a sociedade pós-industrial, e propiciam uma produção muito mais variada, multi-cultural, experimental e auto-reflexiva.